/*
 *   Copyright (c) 2024 Emon Thakur
 *   All rights reserved.
 */
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
void solve()
{
    int a,b; cin>>a>>b;
    int ans=0;
    int n = log2(b)+1, m = log2(a)+1;
    int x=n-m;
    int bb = b>>(x);
    if(bb<a) {bb=b>>(x-1); x--;}
    ans += (bb-a);
    for(int i=0;i<x;i++)
    {
        if((b&(1<<i))==0) ++ans;
        else ans+=2;
    }
    cout<<ans<<endl;
}
int main()
{
    int t; cin>>t; while(t--) solve();
}