#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace  std;
using ll = long long;
 
signed main() {
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
    cin.tie(0);
 
    int t; cin >> t;
    while(t--) {
        int n; cin >> n;
        map<char,ll>mp;
        string s; cin >> s;
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            mp[s[i]]++;
        }

        ll ans = 0;
        for (auto u : mp) {
            if(u.second > 1) {
                int x = u.second;
                ans += 1LL * x * (x - 1);
            }
        }

        cout << ans << '\n';
    }
    return 0;
}