// بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
// In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp> 
#include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp>
using namespace std;
using namespace __gnu_pbds;
#define ordered_set tree<int, null_type,less<int>, rb_tree_tag,tree_order_statistics_node_update>
#define vi vector<int>
#define vl vector<long long>
#define ll long long
#define F first
#define S second
#define pii pair<int,int>
#define inv(a) for(auto &it : a) cin >> it;
#define outv(a) for(auto &it : a) cout << it << " ";cout<<"\n"
#define outv1(a) for(auto &it : a) cout << it << " "<<"\n";cout<<"\n"
#define pb push_back
#define all(v) v.begin(), v.end()
#define rall(v) v.rbegin(), v.rend()
#define yes cout<<"YES\n"
#define no cout<<"NO\n"
#define inf 1e9
// #define double long double
#define fastio ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(NULL);cout.tie(NULL)
#define int long long

bool cmp(const pair<int, int>& a, const pair<int, int>& b) {
    if(a.first==b.first) return a.second>b.second;
    return a.first < b.first;
}

int calc(int n) {
    return n*(n-1)/2;
}

void solve(int tc) {
    int n;
    cin>>n;
    string s;
    cin>>s;
    map<char,int> mp;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        mp[s[i]]++;
    }
    int ans = 0;
    for(auto &it: mp) ans+=calc(it.S)*2;
    cout<<ans<<endl;
    
}

int32_t main() {
    fastio;
    // #ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
    // freopen("input.txt", "r", stdin);
    // freopen("output.txt", "w", stdout);
    // #endif
    
    int tc=1;
    cin>>tc;
    for (int i = 1; i <= tc; i++)
    {
        solve(i);
    }
    
    return 0;
}