#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define SC               scanf
#define PF               printf
#define ull              unsigned long long
#define ld               long double
#define F                first
#define S                second
#define pb               push_back
#define sort_a(a)        sort(a.begin(),a.end());
#define sort_d(a)        sort(a.rbegin(),a.rend());
#define READ(f)          freopen(f, "r", stdin)
#define WRITE(f)         freopen(f, "w", stdout)
#define rev(s)           reverse(s.begin(),s.end())
#define P(ok)            cout << (ok ? "YES\n": "NO\n")
#define __Heart__              ios_base :: sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(NULL);
#define ll long long
typedef pair< ll , ll>                   PII;
void solve()
{
   ll a , b ; cin >> a >> b ; if(a > b ) swap(a , b) ;
    ll Ans = (b * (b - 1)) - a ;
    cout << Ans << "\n" ;
}
int main()
{
     __Heart__
     int t ; cin >> t ; while(t--) solve() ;
}